The course will provide an overview of topics in general physics: electricity, optics and e.m. radiation.

Definition of Definite Integral and its Properties, The Anti-derivative, Indefinite Integral and the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus. Change of Variables. Integrals of natural and general exponential functions. Integrals of natural and general Logarithmic functions. Derivatives and Integrals of Hyperbolic and Inverse-Hyperbolic functions. Techniques of Integration: by parts, Trigonometric substitutions, Completing the square, Integrals of rational functions, Miscellaneous Substitutions. Indeterminate forms, Improper Integrals. Applications of Integration: Area, Solids of Revolutions, Arc length and Surface of Revolution, Linear Motion, Work, Momentum and Center of Mass. Numerical Integration. Polar coordinates, relation between polar and Cartesian coordinates, Graphs of polar curves, Area in polar coordinates. Parametric Equations.

Basic  and modern concepts of Astronomy – Units of astronomical distances – Historical Astronomy in Islamic culture- Telescopes- Kepler's laws - The Solar System - Earth and Moon- The Terrestrial planets - The Jovian Planets –Asteroids and Comets. Origin of the solar system - The Sun – stars: apparent and absolute magnitude, color index, distances and velocities of stars.

Systems of Linear Equations and matrices, Determinants, Vectors in 2D and 3D, Applications to Physics: Angular momentum, moment of inertia, Torque, and the electromagnetic force, Vector spaces, Inner product spaces, Eigenvalues, eigenvectors, and diagonalization, and linear transformations, Applications to physics: Eigenvalue problem in classical mechanics and simple examples in quantum physics.

Motion in one and two dimensions, Newtonian laws and Friction, Circular Motion, Linear and Angular Momentum, Elastic and Inelastic Collisions, Equilibrium, Rigid body Dynamics, Moment of Inertia, Simple Harmonic Motion, Gravitation and Kepler's Laws.

Periodic motion. Free Vibrations, mathematical and Fourier analysis. Super position of periodic motion. Sound, plasma, molecular and electrical circuit oscillations analysis. Damped vibrations, heavy light and critical damping. Forced Vibrations. Superposition. Transients. Resonance circuits. Waves: travelling, standing, dispersive and nondispersive. Fourier Theory.

General definitions and basic concepts of thermal Physics‐ thermal equilibrium and temperature‐The zeroth law of thermodynamics:

‐The first law of thermodynamics (heat and work, internal energy function, reversible and irreversible thermal processes in ideal and real gases isochoric and isobaric processes, adiabatic processes, Carnot cycle and thermodynamic performance, Otto and Diesel thermal engines, refrigerators).

‐The second law of thermodynamics (Entropy function and its various applications in thermal systems)‐The third law of thermodynamics‐Phase transformations‐Free energy‐The thermodynamic functions U, H, S, F and G‐The Maxwell relations.

Galileo transformations, Michaelson-Morley experiment, Postulates of special relativity, Lorentz transformations, relativity of space and time, relativistic collisions.
Particle‐like properties and radiation: The photoelectric effect, Black body, Compton effect.
The wave‐like properties of matter: De Broglie waves, the uncertainty principle, wave packets.
Probabilities and randomness.
Wave behavior when crossing boundaries, confining particles, the one‐dimensional Schrodinger equation, applications of Schrodinger equation: the harmonic oscillator, steps and barriers.
Overview of the basic properties of the atom, Thomson model, Rutherford experiment, line spectra, Bohr model.

Atom in one‐dimension, Angular momentum, Spin, Zeeman effect.

Experiments Will Be Performed By The Students:

Milikan experiment, Resonance in RCL services circuits, Full wave rectification, Determination of magnetic field intensity using the search coil, Determination of the charge to mass ratio for the electron (e/m), Determination of dielectric constant using RCL resonance circuit. Transformers.

Definition of the Solid State and Crystal Growth, Crystalline Amorphous and Nano solids, Atomic Binding, Crystal Lattices and Structures, Miller indices Elastic Constants, Crystal Defects, Fourier Analysis of Periodic Structures, Reciprocal Lattice, X-ray Diffraction, Brillouin Zones, Lattice Vibrations and Phonons, Thermal properties of Solids, Einstein and Debye Models of Heat Capacity, Phonon Density of States, Planck Distribution. Free Electron (Fermi gas) model, Electron Density of States, Electrical, thermal and optical properties of the Electron Gas.

Experiments Will Be Performed By The Students:

Specific Heat – longitudinal expansion – Joule’s Law (The mechanical equivalent of heat) – Boyle’s Law - Newton's law of cooling – Viscosity - Heat Engine - Carnot Engine - Heat TransferDetermination of density and expansion of fluids.

Experiments Will Be Performed By The Students:

Young's double slit experiment- Measuring the Effect of Sugar Concentration on the Refractive Index by using Abbe refractometer- Verification of inverse square law and measure the absorption coefficient of light in the glass using photovoltaic cell- Determine specific rotation using the Polarimeter - Newton’s Rings in Transmitted Monochromatic Light- Lloyd’s mirror experiment- Interference at a Fresnel’s biprism- Measurement of the Refractive Index of a Prism by spectrometer- Measuring wavelengths with a diffraction grating- Melde’s Experiment.

Experiments Will Be Performed By The Students:

Michelson interferometer, Fabry-Perot interferometer, Laser Diffraction in Ultrasonic phase grating. Electro-optic Kerr-Effect, Magneto-optic Faraday Effect. Measurement of Line Spectra using Spectrograph. Rydberg Constant measurement. Determination of Planck’s constant, Zeeman Effect. Franck-Hertz experiment. Study X-ray spectrum. Characteristics of Microwaves.

1. Introduction:The need for computers in science, What is computational physics?, Operating systems and programming languages.
2. Interpolation: Lagrange interpolation, Neville's algorithm, Linear interpolation, Polynomial interpolation, Cubic spline, Rational function interpolation.
3. Numerical differentiation: Forward difference, Central difference and higher order methods, Higher order derivatives.
4. Numerical Integration: Rectangular method, Trapezoid method, Simpson method.
5. Solution of nonlinear equations:Bisection method, Newton's method, Method of secants, Brute force method.
6. Differential equations: Euler method, Numerical errors and instabilities, Runge-Kutta method.
7. Monte-Carlo methods: Random number generators, Distribution functions, Acceptance and rejection method, Inversion method.

Special functions and their applications in physics: Gamma and beta functions, Legendre special functions and their application in electrostatics. Associated Legendre functions and applications in magnetostatics and nuclear
physics. Spherical harmonics and applications in quantum mechanics. Bessel functions of all types and their applications in the wave mechanics, electrodynamics and quantum mechanics. Laguerre and Associated Laguerre functions and applications in quantum mechanics. Hermite functions and their applications in solving the quantum harmonic oscillator. Fourier series, transformations and integrals and their applications in the physics of waves (wave equation). Laplace transformations, and their application in the physics of waves, heat transfer (heat equation).

The wave function, The statistical interpretation of the wavefunction, operators, expectation values, the uncertainty principle. Time-dependent Schrodinger equation. Time-independent Schrodinger equation, binding potentials, free potentials, the quantum harmonic oscillator. Hilbert space, Eigenvalue problems, Dirac notation. Quantum mechanics in three dimensions, Hydrogen atom, spin and angular momentum

- Properties of the nucleus: Isotopes, nuclear binding energy, angular momentum, nuclear electromagnetic moments, nuclear forces.

- Radioactivity: Decay law (τ, t1/2), natural radioactivity, successive decay, artificial  radioactivity basic  α – decay  process,  β-decays and  γ-transitions.

- Nuclear reactions: Q-value, threshold energy (Eth), Internal Conversion, Decay Schemes.

- Interaction of radiation with matter: Interaction of heavy (α, p, d) and light (e¯, e+), charged  particles with matter, stopping power, interaction of gamma radiation with matter (Photoelectric, Compton and pair production).

Types of scientific research, ethics in research, how to establish a research topic, how to use scientific resources, e.g., databases and scientific journals - citation methods - training on some scientific programs and equipments which are available in the College of Science- methods of writing and reading scientific articles and reports - training on presentation and poster skills.

Experiments Will Be Performed By The Students:

X-Ray diffraction, Dielectric constant, Hall effect, Magnetic Succipility, Magnetic Resonance, Solar Cells, Energy gap for semiconductors, Noble metal resistance, Electron diffraction, Photoelectric effect.  Optical absorption of solids and solids with defects and nano inclusions.

Experiments Will Be Performed By The Students:

characteristics of Geiger Counter, Absorption of nuclear radiation, Counting statistics, Detection of Gamma ray

Spectroscopy using NaI (Tl) and SCA, Detection of Gamma Ray Spectroscopy using NaI (Tl) and MCA,

Determination of half-life time for radioactive element, Study of β-Ray Spectrum using Magnetic

Spectrometer, Study of β-Ray Spectrum using MCA, Neutron Diffusion, Study of alpha particle Spectra, Compton scattering.

Biomechanics. Forces affects on our bodies. Vector analysis. Levers and equilibrium of rigid bodies. Stress - Strain curve.  Young's and Shear modulus for materials and biological tissues. Properties of fluids. Viscosity and surface tension. Bernoulli's equation and its applications.  Effect of gravity and acceleration on the blood pressure. Nature of sound and sound intensity level. Ultrasound, production and its applications in diagnostic and treatment.  Nervous System and electricity within the body. Equilibrium potential and Nernst equation. Factors affecting the propagation of action potential. Action potential measurements of some organs; ECG, EEG and ERG.  Non-ionizing Radiation. Physical and biological effects.

Stars: magnitude – luminosity – introduction to spectra – stellar spectra – stellar parallax-  stellar velocities- HR diagram – binary stars and stellar masses – star formation – series of stellar nuclear reactions and stellar ages- stellar evolution and structure.

- Introduction to Medical Physics, Electromagnetic Spectrum and Radiation, Interactions of ionizing and non-Ionizing Radiation with biological matter.

-Radiological Imaging: Introduction to Imaging, Conventional X-ray imaging, Computed Tomography, Diagnostic Ultrasound.

-Radiation Therapy: Introduction to Radiotherapy Physics, Linear Accelerators, Introduction to treatment Planning, Brachytherapy, Machine calibration and quality  assurance.

 -Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Introduction, Basic NMR Physics, MR Imaging Principles, Medical Applications.

Introduction to nanophysics and nanotechnology – scaling laws and limits to smallness; quantum nature of nanoworld; nano fabrication (top-down and bottom-up process); nanoscopy (electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, scanning tunneling microscopy).

Properties and application of dielectric and metal nanostructures - individual nanoparticles and nanoclusters; nanostructured materials; carbon nanostructures; nano spin and nanomagnets.

-Nuclear properties of the Deuteron.

-Nuclear models: nuclear shell model, Collective model.

-Nuclear reactions: nuclear scattering, compound nucleus.

- Neutron reactions: cross-sections, attenuation, reaction rate, fission cross-section.

- Nuclear fission, fission yield, Energy distribution among fission neutrons and fragments,  re-production factor.

-Thermal neutrons: energy distribution, effective cross section, moderation, average energy loss, Average energy logarithmic decrement, SDP, MR and resonance escape probability.

-The Nuclear chain reaction: neutron cycle, thermal utilization factor and calculating the four factors formula.

IC 100: Studies in the Biography of the Prophet   2(2+0+0)  Course Description    Course Specification