This course provides students with a general overview of physics regarding electrostatics, electric currents, optics, and radiation and nuclear physics.

Systems of linear equations and matrices, determinants, vectors in two and three dimensions, physical applications: angular momentum, moment of inertia, torque, electromagnetic force.

Directional spaces, inner product space, eigenvalues and eigenvectors, and linear transformations.

Physical applications: The eigenvalue method in classical mechanics and simplified examples in quantum physics.

Motion in one and two dimensions – Newton's laws and friction – circular motion – linear and angular momentum – elastic and inelastic collisions – equilibrium – motion of rigid bodies – moment of inertia – simple harmonic oscillators – gravity and Kepler’s laws.

Electrostatics, Gauss's law and its applications, capacitors, magnetic fields of conductors of different shapes, Ampere's law and its applications, electromagnetic induction, Faraday's and Lenz's laws, magnetic properties of materials, AC circuit analysis, resonance in series and parallel circuits.

Periodic motion, free oscillations, mathematical alternatives for harmonic motion, Fourier analysis, angular oscillations, acoustic oscillations, plasma oscillations, mechanical oscillations, electrical circuit oscillations, damped oscillations, light decay, heavy decay, critical decay, decay due to resistance, decay due to friction. Forced oscillations: steady states, superposition of harmonic motions, transients, resonance circuits. Waves: traveling, standing, scattered, and non-scattered. Fourier theory.

Basic definitions and concepts in thermal physics - state functions and exact and inexact differentials - kinetic theory of gases - the first law of thermodynamics and some of its applications - thermal processes and transformations under different conditions - the second law of thermodynamics - entropy function - the third law of thermodynamics and the state of the system at absolute zero - free energy and Helmholtz and Gibbs functions - Maxwell's equations in thermodynamics.

Complex numbers, complex analytic functions, series (Taylor series, Laurent series), complex integrals, contour integrals using residues, physical applications: complex solutions in oscillations and waves. The complex wave function in the one-dimensional Schrödinger equation.

Energy and momentum: conservative forces, moments, concentrated forces (simplified view), variable calculations.

Conservative central forces: inverse square law, orbits. Gravitational potential.

Non-inertial frames and fictitious forces.

Two-body and three-body systems.

Rigid bodies: rotation about an axis, effect of small forces.

Lagrangian mechanics: action principle, principle of least action, generalized coordinates, Lagrange's equations.

Hamiltonian mechanics: Hamilton's equations of motion, Liouville's theorem.

Small oscillations: orthogonal coordinates, normal modes, double harmonic oscillator.

This course covers the fundamental theory of electromagnetism, addressing advanced topics building on what the student has previously learned in Physics 221. It includes gradient, divergence, and curl of vectors, Stokes' and Green's theorems, electrostatics, conductive and insulating materials, Ampere's law, magnetic fields. Maxwell's equations in both differential and integral forms, solutions to these equations, propagation of electromagnetic waves in a vacuum, and demonstrating the compatibility of Maxwell's equations with Einstein's theory of special relativity using four-vector notation and transformations.

Semiconductors, doping of semiconductors, properties of n-p junctions and their applications, diodes, bipolar transistors, signal amplification, field-effect transistors, electronic circuit components and symbols, microdevices, amplification processes, feedback, applications and operations of operational amplifiers, integration and detection, integrated circuits, introduction to digital electronics, conversion between digital and analog signals.

Wave theory of light: wave equation, sinusoidal wave, representation by complex numbers, plane waves. Superposition of waves: principle of superposition, superposition of waves with the same frequency, standing waves, phase and group velocity, energy and power. Interference: interference of two waves, Young's experiment, interference from a double slit, interference in thin films, Newton's rings. Interferometry measurements. Polarization: polarization formation, double refraction. Diffraction: types of diffraction, Fraunhofer diffraction, beam width, analytical ability. Diffraction grating, diffraction grating equation, scattering, types, and devices of gratings.

Equal energy partition: law of equal partition, Brownian motion.

Distribution function: formulation, state function, summation of distribution functions.

Statistical mechanics of ideal gases: density of states, quantum concentration, distinction between particles, state functions for ideal gases, Gibbs paradox, heat capacity of a two-atom gas.

Chemical potential: definition, grand partition function, relationship with Gibbs function, conservation of particle number.

Photons: radiation pressure, statistical mechanics of a photon gas, black body distribution.

Phonons: Einstein model and Debye model.

Simplified presentation of real gases, phase transitions, Bose-Einstein distribution, and Fermi-Dirac distribution, quantum gases.

Galileo transformations, Michelson-Morley experiment, Einstein’s postulates, Lorentz transformations, relativity of time and space, collisions in relativity.

Particle properties of radiation: photoelectric effect, black body radiation, Compton effect.

Wave properties of particles: de Broglie hypothesis, de Broglie waves, Heisenberg's uncertainty principle. Wave packets. Probabilities and randomness.

Wave behavior at boundary regions (interfaces between two physical mediums), particle confinement, one-dimensional Schrödinger equation, applications of the Schrödinger equation: quantum simple harmonic oscillator, thresholds, and barriers.

A simplified presentation of the basic properties of the atom. Thomson model, Rutherford experiment, atomic nucleus. Spectra, Bohr model.

One-dimensional atom. Angular momentum in the hydrogen atom, spin, Zeeman effect.

Definition of solid state, crystal growth, crystalline and amorphous solids and nanomaterials, atomic bonding, crystal structure and lattice, Miller indices, crystal constants, crystal defects, Fourier analysis of repetitive systems, wave scattering and reciprocal lattice, Brillouin zones, X-rays and their diffraction, phonons and lattice vibrations, thermal properties of materials, heat capacity, Planck distribution, density of states, Debye model, Einstein model, free electron model (Fermi gas) electric, optical, and thermal properties of the electron gas.

Experiments conducted by the student in the laboratory include:

Specific heat – linear expansion – verification of Joule's law – Boyle's law – Newton's law of cooling – viscosity coefficient – heat engine – Carnot engine – heat transfer – density determination and expansion of liquids.

Experiments conducted by the student in the laboratory include:

Measurement of the electron charge using Millikan's method, finding the value of high resistance using discharge, studying the variation of magnetic field intensity with distance along the axis of a circular coil and finding the horizontal component of the Earth's magnetic field, studying the properties of transformers, series resonant circuits, current rectification and filtering, measuring magnetic field intensity using a search coil, determining the ratio of the electron's charge to its mass, determining the electric permittivity constant using a resonant circuit, electrical transformers.

Experiments conducted by the student in the laboratory include:

Young's double-slit experiment – calculating the effect of varying sugar solution concentration on the refractive index using an Abbe refractometer – verifying the inverse square law of optical radiation and determining the light absorption coefficient in glass using a photodetector – calculating the specific rotation of the plane of polarization using a polarimeter – Newton's rings – Lloyd's mirror – Fresnel prism – calculating the refractive index of prism materials – diffraction grating – studying circularly polarized waves – Millikan's experiment.

1. Introduction: The need for computers in science; what is computational physics?; operating systems and programming languages.
2. Interpolation: Lagrange method; Neville's algorithm; linear interpolation; polynomial interpolation; cubic spline interpolation; rational function interpolation.
3. Numerical differentiation: Forward difference; central difference and higher-order methods; higher-order derivatives.
4. Numerical integration: Rectangle method; trapezoidal method; Simpson's method.
5. Solving nonlinear equations: Bisection method; Newton's method; secant method; fixed-point iteration method.
6. Differential equations: Euler method; numerical errors and instability; Runge-Kutta method.
7. Monte Carlo methods: Random number generators; distribution functions; acceptance-rejection method; inverse transform method.

Special functions and their physical applications: Gamma and Beta functions, Legendre polynomials and their applications in electrostatics. Associated Legendre functions and their applications in static magnetism and nuclear physics. Spherical harmonics and their applications in quantum mechanics. Bessel functions of all types and their applications in wave physics, electromagnetism, and quantum mechanics. Laguerre functions and associated Laguerre functions and their physical applications. Hermite functions and their applications in solving the quantum harmonic oscillator. Fourier series, Fourier transforms, and Fourier integrals and their applications in wave physics (wave equation). Laplace transforms and their applications in wave physics and heat transfer (heat equation).

Stars: magnitudes – luminosity – stellar spectra – stellar parallax – stellar velocities – HR diagram – binary stars and stellar masses – star formation – nuclear reactions in stars – introduction to stellar evolution and structure.

Interstellar matter: distribution – physical composition of this matter. Ionized hydrogen regions – cosmic clouds – star formation – chemical composition and evolution of galaxies – planetary nebulae.

Introduction to semiconductor materials, basic and compound semiconductors, intrinsic and doped semiconductors, electronic properties of semiconductors, charge carrier transport, optical processes in semiconductors, theory of p-n junctions, ideal current-voltage characteristics, metal-semiconductor contacts, Schottky barriers, and ohmic contacts, heterojunctions in semiconductors.

Emission and absorption of light, Einstein relations, population inversion, gain coefficient, optical resonators, laser modes. Solid-state lasers, semiconductor lasers, gas lasers, dye lasers, free electron lasers, and some modern laser types. Properties of laser beams: spectral linewidth, beam divergence, coherence, brightness, focusing of laser beams, Q-switching, frequency doubling, phase conjugation. Applications of laser beams: medical, industrial, military, scientific, standardization, holography, telecommunications.

Wave function, statistical interpretation of the wave function, operators and expected values, uncertainty principle, time-dependent Schrödinger equation and stationary states, time-independent Schrödinger equation and its solutions for: confined and free potentials in one dimension, quantum harmonic oscillator (algebraic and analytical methods).

Hilbert space, eigenvalue problems, Dirac notation.

Three-dimensional Schrödinger equation, hydrogen atom, angular momentum and spin. Time-independent perturbation theory of first order.

Experiments conducted by the student in the laboratory include:

Safety and lasers, coherence length, Gaussian beam analysis, laser cavity design, structural construction of laser modes, absorption and emission spectra of dyes, Fourier optics, optical fibers, second harmonic generation, Fresnel's equation.

Biomechanics – forces acting on our bodies – vector analysis – levers and equilibrium of bodies – stress-strain curve – Young's modulus and shear modulus for biological materials and tissues – properties of fluids – viscosity and surface tension – Bernoulli's equation – applications of Bernoulli's equation to fluid motion – effects of gravity and acceleration on blood pressure – nature of sound and sound intensity level – ultrasound and how it is produced – applications of ultrasound in diagnosis and treatment – nervous system and electrical conduction in the body – cell equilibrium potential and Nernst equation – active potential of cells and factors affecting its transmission – measuring electrical potential of some body organs – electrocardiogram – electroencephalogram – electroretinogram – non-ionizing radiation – natural and artificial sources – its physical and biological effects.

Fermi surfaces, energy levels in one dimension, energy bands, calculation of energy gap, theory of electrical conductivity, Hall effect, theory and applications of conductors and bands in semiconductors and microdevices, magnetism in materials, superconducting materials, interaction of materials with radiation.

States of matter (liquid, glassy, crystalline), crystalline structure of metals, microscopy (optical microscope, electron microscope), sample preparation methods, mechanical testing (hardness measurement, stress-strain curves), crystalline defects (point defects and slip), diffusion in solids (phase transformations and binary phase diagrams), heat treatment of steel, strengthening methods and their means (cold working, alloying, precipitation, powders).

Foundations of energy, fossil fuels, renewable energy (1): solar radiation and solar energy including thermals, photovoltaics, and electrochemistry. Renewable energy (2): other alternatives (hydropower, wind and ocean energy, biomass: waste and biofuels, geothermal energy, tidal and wave energy), nuclear energy, energy efficiency, energy and transportation, and air pollution and the environment.

Elementary particles and their discovery, leptons, quarks, physical properties of elementary particles. Fundamental forces and their carriers. The strong nuclear force and gluons, the weak nuclear force and W and Z bosons. The electromagnetic force and photons. Special relativity and four-vector notation and relativistic collisions. Symmetries governing the world of elementary particles. Fermi's golden rule for calculating cross-sections and decays. Quantum electrodynamics and Feynman diagrams.

• Properties of the nucleus, isotopes, binding energy, nuclear momentum, electric and magnetic moments, nuclear force.
• Radioactivity, decay law (τ, t1/2), successive radioactive decays, radioactive material series, artificial radioactivity, α-decay, β-decay, γ-transitions, and internal conversion (IC).
• Nuclear reactions: reaction energy Q, threshold energy (Eth), decay diagrams.
• Interaction of radiation with matter: interaction of charged heavy particles, range, stopping power, interaction of charged light particles, stopping power of electrons, interaction of γ with matter: photoelectric effect, Compton scattering, pair production.
• Binding energy and the liquid drop model.

• Nuclear properties of deuterons.
• Nuclear models: shell model, collective model of the nucleus.
• Nuclear interactions: nuclear scattering, compound nucleus interaction.
• Introduction to particle physics.

Introduction to charged particle beam physics and modern particle accelerators, components of accelerators. Types of accelerators including static electric accelerators, linear accelerators, frequency-driven linear accelerators, and circular accelerators, electric charges in magnetic fields. Applications of accelerators.

Radiation quantities and doses and units – radiation dose measurement devices – monitoring radiation and radioactive contamination – biological effects of radiation – internal and external exposure to radiation – radiation protection and shielding – protection from various radiation sources – management of radioactive waste.

Neutron interactions: cross-sections, attenuation, reaction rate, fission cross-section. Nuclear fission, fission products, distribution of fission energy to neutrons and fragments, reactivity coefficient. Thermal neutrons: energy distribution, effective cross-section, moderation, average energy loss, logarithmic energy loss, moderation capacity, moderation ratio, resonance escape probability. Nuclear chain reactions: neutron lifecycle, thermal utilization factor, four-factor multiplication equation.

Types of scientific research, building a research idea, ethics of scientific research, training on using various information sources and how to document citations from them – training on using some scientific devices and software available in the faculty – reading and writing scientific papers, report writing techniques – training on preparing presentations and delivery techniques, preparing a scientific poster and presenting it.

Identifying materials using X-rays, determining the dielectric constant of an insulating material, measuring the Hall effect of a semiconductor and the concentration and mobility of charge carriers, measuring the magnetization of various materials, magnetic resonance, solar cells, determining the energy gap of semiconductors, studying the change in resistance of an ideal material with temperature, studying electron diffraction, studying the thermoelectric effect, photodetection of materials and defective materials, and the effect of adding nanomaterials.